Inflammatory biomarkers in ischemic stroke: mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions
Peer-Reviewed Publication Xia & He Publishing Inc. image: Cellular death within the infarcted core occurs rapidly due to energy depletion, resulting in the release of DAMPs such as HMGB1, ATP, and HSPs. These DAMPs engage pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) and scavenger receptors, thereby initiating innate immune responses. For instance, the […]
