Hyperphosphatemia does notTrusted Source usually have apparent symptoms. In some cases, high levels of phosphorus and calcium in the blood can cause itchy skin.

If phosphate levels in the blood become too high, it may causeTrusted Source mineral and bone disorders and calcification.

Mineral and bone disorders

Bones need minerals and hormones to rebuild, grow, and stay strong. The kidneys balance the amount of phosphorus and calcium in the blood. If these are out of balance, it can draw calcium out of the bones and weaken them.

Because kidneys control the balance of minerals and other chemicals, chronic kidney disease can causeTrusted Source mineral and bone disorders. Those who have had kidney failure and are having dialysis are most at risk.

This deterioration can take place over many years, often without symptoms. However, as bones begin to get weaker, a person may start to feel pain in their bones or joints.

If this occurs in children who have kidney disease, it can be more serious as their bones are still developing. Children who have mineral and bone disorders may not grow to full height. The bones in their legs may bend inward or outward, which is sometimes known as renal rickets.

Calcification

Calcification occurs due to a buildup of calcium in organs or tissues. Vascular calcification, which can affect the veins and arteries, is particularly serious as the heart needs to work harder to pump blood around the body.

Calcification can also make dialysis more difficult.

Kidney disease is the most commonTrusted Source cause of hyperphosphatemia. Healthy kidneys adjust the levels of minerals in the blood, but kidneys that are not working properly are not always able to do this.

However, there are other conditions relating to high levels of phosphate in the blood, including the following:

• Unmanaged diabetes: This causes high levels of blood sugar that can lead to serious medical problems, such as organ damage.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: This complication of diabetes can develop if the body begins to run out of insulin. Harmful ketones build up in the body, and blood sugar levels rise.
• Hypoparathyroidism: This rare hormone disorder occurs when the body does not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps control the levels of phosphorus in the blood and bones.
• Hypocalcemia: This occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the blood, which can affectTrusted Source phosphorus levels.
• Tumor lysis syndrome: This is a complication of certain forms of chemotherapy for treating some types of cancer.
• Rhabdomyolysis: This condition occurs when severe muscle breakdown occurs and leads to renal problems and elevated phosphate levels.
• Certain medications and supplements: Medications, such as bisphosphonates, and high levels of vitamin D intake can also cause elevated phosphate levels.

Taking a phosphate supplement can also lead to hyperphosphatemia. Most people get more than enough phosphorus from their diet, and the body is typically capable of regulating levels. When individuals need to take a phosphorous supplement, they need to take 250 milligrams or less per day.

Food manufacturers often add phosphorus to processed foods to preserve them. Additionally, a high protein diet may also contain more phosphorus than someone needs.

If someone has symptoms of hyperphosphatemia or a disease linked to the condition, they need to consult a doctor. The doctor will ask about their medical history, discuss any symptoms, and perform a physical examination. They may also recommend a phosphate test.

Tests includeTrusted Source:

• Measuring the levels of phosphate in the liquid part of the blood, called plasma: A healthcare professional will insert a needle into a vein in the arm and take a small sample of blood that will be sent to a laboratory for testing.
• A timed urine sample: A person will need to collect all of their urine over a set period, which is usually 24 hours.
• An X-ray: This may be necessary if a person has symptoms of mineral and bone disorder. The X-ray will show any calcium deposits in organs or veins and any weakness or changes in the structure of a person’s bones.

Typically, people with kidney failure need to undergo regular monitoring of their phosphate levels, meaning healthcare professionals will usually detect hyperphosphatemia during routine checks.

Treatment for hyperphosphatemia may includeTrusted Source a mix of:

• dietary restrictions
• saline or diuretics
• medications such as phosphate binders or calcium-based binders
• supplements
• strategies to manage underlying health conditions

The exact treatment for hyperphosphatemia will depend on its underlying cause. A person needs to work closely with their doctor to develop an individualized treatment approach.

The main way to prevent hyperphosphatemia is to control the levels of phosphate and calcium in the body. This is usually achievable by eating certain foods and avoiding others.

Processed foods often contain phosphorus as a preservative, shown by ingredients that have the letters PHOS together. A person with an underlying condition relating to hyperphosphatemia may wish to avoid these foods.

Certain natural foods, such as peas, milk, and peanut butter, also contain high levels of phosphorus.

For people with kidney disease, eating a diet with the right amount of minerals is an essential part of managing the condition. This can be complicated, and a nutritionist can help to explain which foods to eat or avoid.

If kidneys function properly and produce the correct levels of hormones, the body will naturally balance phosphate levels in the blood. If this is not happening, levels need to be regulated artificially using diet and medication.

Hyperphosphatemia can weaken bones and cause damage to veins, tissues, and organs in the body. It is crucial that people with kidney disease seek advice on diet to keep phosphate at a safe level, which can help manage the condition.