Interviewer: Martine Perez; Interviewee: Catherine Pannequin, MD
DISCLOSURES July 08, 2025
Endocrine disruptors are defined as substances, or mixtures of substances, that interfere with the function of the endocrine system. These chemicals can act at very low doses, often exert combined or “cocktail” effects, and tend to accumulate in fatty tissues.
Exposure is widespread across the general population, with cosmetics such as soaps, shampoos, lotions, and sunscreens representing a common source. These compounds are suspected of playing a role in a range of health conditions, including endometriosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, early puberty, infertility, thyroid disorders, autism spectrum disorders, hormone-related cancers (such as breast and prostate cancer), type 2 diabetes, and obesity.
In cosmetic products, endocrine-disrupting chemicals may be found in both the formulation and the packaging. What steps can be taken to minimize exposure? Medscape’s French edition spoke with Catherine Pannequin, MD, dermatologist based in Giez (Haute-Savoie), France, and a member of the Environment and Dermatology group of the French Society of Dermatology.
Are cosmetic containers (eg, tubes, bottles) still a source of endocrine disruptors despite existing bans and regulations?
In general, plastics may still contain bisphenols. Although bisphenol A — a well-established endocrine disruptor — is now banned, it is frequently replaced with other bisphenols such as B, S, or F, which pose similar risks. The underlying issue is that banning a single endocrine-disrupting compound without restricting the entire chemical class leaves room for equally harmful substitutes.
Likewise, certain plastics — and even some cosmetics, such as nail polishes — can still contain phthalates, which are recognized endocrine disruptors, despite regulatory measures. Symbols on plastic packaging can help identify potential risks: Packaging marked with recycling codes 2, 4, or 5 is generally considered safe, while codes 3 (indicating phthalates) and 7 (indicating bisphenols) should be avoided when possible.
What about the increasing use of cardboard tubes or packaging in cosmetics?
This is likely a step in the right direction. However, most cardboard tubes are not made entirely of paper; they often include a plastic lining to ensure impermeability. While not plastic-free, this still reduces overall plastic use and offers an environmental benefit.
Do cosmetic products themselves still contain known or suspected endocrine disruptors despite regulation?
Yes, many still do. Parabens, for instance, are widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for their preservative properties. Several types exist, and their endocrine-disrupting potential correlates with the length of their chemical chain. Short-chain parabens, such as methylparaben and ethylparaben, are currently permitted as no significant health alerts have been raised. However, propylparaben and butylparaben are banned in leave-on products for children under 3 years old, and other variants — such as isobutylparaben and isopropylparaben — are completely prohibited.
What other well-documented endocrine disruptors are found in commonly used cosmetics?
Triclosan is a chemical compound found in certain soaps, deodorants, and toothpastes. It is suspected of having adverse effects on neurodevelopment and thyroid function.
Some essential oils have also raised concerns. A few years ago, isolated cases of gynecomastia were reported following the use of lavender essential oil to treat head lice. To date, no definitive causal link has been established. Nonetheless, France’s National Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health & Safety advises against the use of essential oils during pregnancy.
Salicylic acid, a derivative of aspirin widely used in dermatologic topical products for its keratolytic properties, is suspected to be an endocrine disruptor. For this reason, it is banned in Denmark. The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety recently concluded that salicylic acid is “not safe” for children aged 3-10 years at the concentrations currently permitted. In France, however, it remains in use in cosmetic products.
Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene, both preservatives, are also commonly found in cosmetics and are suspected of having estrogenic effects.
How can consumers determine whether their cosmetic products contain endocrine disruptors?
Several mobile applications are available to help consumers and healthcare providers evaluate cosmetic safety. These apps analyze ingredient lists and provide ratings or color-coded scores, along with explanations for flagged compounds. Notable examples include Quel Produit (developed by French consumer group UFC-Que Choisir), INCI Beauty, and Yuka (all popular in France for ingredient analysis).
Who is most vulnerable to endocrine disruptors?
Pregnant women and their babies, particularly during the first 1000 days of life, are especially vulnerable. During this critical window, it is recommended to minimize the use of cosmetic products and avoid unnecessary or potentially harmful items, such as anti-stretch mark creams.
In general, and especially before age 15, there should be a move toward “cosmetic minimalism”: using fewer products with shorter ingredient lists, only when necessary, and avoiding those in plastic packaging. A 2017 prospective study in Brittany, France, found that women used an average of 16 personal care products per day, with pregnant women using up to 18. Much of this consumption is driven by marketing from the cosmetics industry and social media influencers promoting anti-aging products, scrubs, and day or night creams. There is a growing concern about trends such as “Sephora Kids,” where girls as young as 10-12 are encouraged to use anti-aging products.
Do sunscreens also contain endocrine disruptors?
Yes, sunscreen ingredients are also under scrutiny. Chemicals such as octocrylene, benzophenone, and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate — suspected endocrine disruptors — are still present in many sunscreen products. These substances may pose risks not only to human health but also to marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. As a result, certain regions, including Mexico and Hawaii, have implemented bans on sunscreens containing these compounds.
Are homemade cosmetic products safer?
Homemade or DIY cosmetic products are not without risk. Some of the ingredients used can also be endocrine disruptors. Additionally, if stored improperly—such as in plastic containers exposed to sunlight—there is a risk of chemical leaching from the plastic into the product. Storing products in glass containers is recommended, as glass is chemically inert and does not release substances into its contents.
This article was translated from Medscape’s French edition.
